Introduction

One of the most valuable items in avian practice is a reliable formulary. Although pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data is slowly growing, the vast majority of drug doses in companion parrot medicine rely on extrapolation and/or clinical experience. It is crucial that the clinician have access to this wide range of information and experience.

Introduction

One of the most valuable items in avian practice is a reliable formulary. Although pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data is slowly growing, the vast majority of drug doses in companion parrot medicine rely on extrapolation and/or clinical experience. It is crucial that the clinician have access to this wide range of information and experience.

Vitamin A is actually a group of fat-soluble retinoids with similar biological activity. Vitamin A plays a role in:

• Epithelial cell growth and repair maintaining the integrity of respiratory, urinary, and intestinal tracts.
• Immune function.
• Bone growth.
• Vision, particularly night vision.
• Feather color (carotene is incorporated into some pink, red, and yellow feathers).
• Витамин А относиться к группе жирорастворимых витаминов.
• Витамин А играет важную роль в:
• Рост эпителиальных клеток и ремонт поддержания целостности органов дыхания, мочеполовой системы, и слизистой кишечного тракта.
• Иммунная функция.
• Рост костей.
• Зрение, особенно ночное зрение.
• Перо цвета (каротин включены в некоторых розовых, красных, и желтых перьев).

The most widespread mineral in the body, calcium is required for normal metabolism and bone mineralization. Calcium homeostasis is under the control of calcitonin, which is produced by the ultimobranchial gland, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone.

Наиболее распространенный минерал в организме, кальций необходим для нормального обмена веществ и минерализации костей. Кальций гомеостаз находится под контролем кальцитонина, который получают с помощью ultimobranchial железы, витамина D, и паратиреоидного гормона.